Table 1 Factors, variables, and development of questionnaire
Factors | Variables | Survey questions | Response categories |
|---|---|---|---|
Pro-environmental behaviors: ecological conservation behaviors (ECB) | Frequency of engagement in - Biological conservation - Ecological conservation such as local animal conservation | Have you ever been involved in the community’s environmental conservation activity such as avoiding cutting trees, planting trees in damaged forest areas, or conducting integrated farming? | 1 = No involvement 5 = Regular involvement |
Have you ever eaten or harvested baby crabs and/or pregnant crabs caught in the community? | 1 = Regular involvement 5 = No involvement | ||
Pro-environmental behaviors: Waste management behaviors (WMB) | Frequency of engagement in - Reusing and recycling products - Waste reduction | How often do you reuse or recycle things such as plastic bags and bottles? | 1 = No involvement 5 = Regular involvement |
Have you avoided using a plastic bag when buying a few goods? | |||
Life satisfaction | Satisfaction with life overall | Are you satisfied with your life in general? | 1 = Not at all 5 = Absolutely |
Satisfaction with social condition | Are you satisfied with the social condition in the community? | ||
Satisfaction with economic status | Are you satisfied with your economic condition? | ||
Place attachment | Place dependence | I feel comfortable living in this community. | 1 = Absolutely not 5 = Absolutely yes |
Place identity | I am very attached to this community. | ||
Environmental worldview | Perception of “human-nature relation” | How much do you agree with these statements? -The balance of nature is very fragile and easily disrupted. -Human activities sometimes contribute to environmental changes. -Human beings have the right to modify the environment in response to their needs. -The ecological system exists to support human needs. -Development has its limitations, and population growth is higher than nature can support. | 1 = Strongly disagree 5 = Strongly agree |
Perception of “limiting growth” | |||
Perception of “human dominance over nature” | |||
Perceived environmental values | Perceived environmental values | Your community has fresh air and good environments suitable for recreational activities. | 1 = Strongly disagree 5 = Strongly agree |
Your community has fresh air, good environments suitable for living. | |||
Environmental knowledge | Environmental phenomena | How much do you know about current environmental phenomena such as the climate situation? | 1 = Not at all 5 = Well understand |
Causes of environmental problem | How much do you know about the cause of environmental problems such as climate change? | ||
Environmental management | How much do you know about how to act environmentally? | ||
Sense of obligation and self-efficacy | Willingness to pay for the environment | Are you willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products? | 1 = Absolutely not 4 = Absolutely willing |
Perception of the self’s capability to solve environmental problems | Do you think a single person’s actions can contribute to the improvement of environmental quality? | 1 = Absolutely not 5 = Absolutely contribute | |
Social norm | Social norm | Your neighbors pay attention to issues related to ecological conservation and environmental protection. | 1 = Not at all 5 = Absolutely |
Psychosocial characteristics | Gender | Please indicate your gender | |
Age | Please indicate you age | ||
Career | Please indicate your career | ||
Education level | Please indicate your education level | ||
Income | Please indicate your income/month |