Fig. 3
From: Evolutionary tinkering vs. rational engineering in the times of synthetic biology
Rube Goldberg machines: simple operations run by complex gadgets. Rube Goldberg (1883–1970) was an American cartoonist popularly known for a series of satirical drawings describing very complicated devices. In the example shown, the simple objective of waking up a gentleman in the morning is disclosed as a chain of 15 events (A-P) run by spare components in which the outcome of each of them triggers the next one. Goldberg’s cartoons make an ironic mockery of unnecessary complexity. Used with permission of RUBE GOLDBERG® (https://www.rubegoldberg.com)